Enfermedad de Alzheimer: actualización en su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento / Alzheimer's disease: update in prevention, diagnosis and treatment

Introducción: En el mundo, 55 millones de personas viven con demencia. Se estima que este número se incrementará a 82 millones en 2030 y 152 millones en 2050, a menos que se implementen intervenciones que permitan su prevención, retardar su comienzo, enlentecer o detener su progresión. Objetivo: Actualizar sobre los cambios recientes en la epidemiologia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Material y Métodos: Revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, publicada entre el 1 de enero de 2010 y el 30 de diciembre de 2021, que incluyó las bases de datos (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs, SciELO y Cochrane CENTRAL, utilizando los términos "Alzheimer", OR "demencia", OR "deterioro cognitivo". Desarrollo: Los gobiernos deben prepararse para un tsunami de demanda de servicios de salud como resultado del envejecimiento de la población mundial, la mejora de los diagnósticos, incluidos los biomarcadores y los tratamientos farmacológicos emergentes. La detección oportuna del deterioro cognitivo, el diagnóstico causal y el manejo adecuado de la entidad nosológica es crucial. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de salud a nivel mundial deberían introducir evaluaciones de la función cognitiva para las personas mayores de 55 años, facilitados por la evolución en la ciencia de los biomarcadores, con la oportunidad de promover estrategias de reducción de riesgos. La existencia de factores de riesgo potencialmente modificables significa que la prevención de la demencia es posible mediante una estrategia de salud pública, con intervenciones claves que retrasen o desaceleren el comienzo del deterioro cognitivo y la demencia(AU)

Introduction: Worldwide, nearly 55 million people are living with dementia. It is estimated that this number will reach nearly 82 million in 2030 and over 152 million in 2050, unless the risk factors are identified and interventions are implemented to prevent, delay the onset, and slow or stop its progression. Objective: To provide an update on recent changes in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Material and Methods: Bibliographic review of the literature on this subject published between January 1, 2012 and December 30, 2021 in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane CENTRAL databases, using the terms " Alzheimer", OR "dementia", OR "cognitive impairment". Results: The governments must prepare for a tsunami of demands for health services as a result of the world population aging and improve the diagnoses, including biomarkers and emerging pharmacological treatments. The timely detection of cognitive impairment, and the causal diagnosis and proper management of the nosological entity is crucial. Conclusions: The health systems should introduce annual neurocognitive assessments on a global level for people over 55 years of age, facilitated by the development of biomarker science, with the opportunity to promote risk reduction strategies. The existence of potentially modifiable risk factors means that dementia can be prevented through the implementation of a public health strategy with key interventions that delay or slow down the onset of cognitive impairment and dementia(AU)

Contribuciones de tecnologías digitales para la seguridad de pacientes en el contexto hospitalario / Contribuições das tecnologias digitais para a segurança do paciente no contexto hospitalar / The Digital Technologies' Contributions to Patient Safety in the Hospital Setting

Introducción: La seguridad del paciente contribuye a reducir el riesgo de daños innecesarios en los cuidados de salud con un mínimo aceptable. La promoción del cuidado seguro es favorecida por la de las tecnologías digitales en las prácticas de salud. Objetivo: Analizar las contribuciones de las tecnologías digitales y las metas para la promoción de la seguridad del paciente en el contexto hospitalario. Métodos: Revisión integradora realizada en las bases CINAHL, Web of Science, MEDLINE, LILACS y IBECS, con la adopción de la estrategia PICo y clasificación del nivel de evidencia. La muestra incluye 13 estudios primarios, sin delimitación temporal, seleccionados en portugués, inglés y español, que cumplían con el objetivo, los criterios de inclusión. La gestión de los resultados se realizó en el software Endnote Web. La recopilación de datos se produjo entre octubre y diciembre de 2019. Fueron utilizados los descriptores en Ciencia de la salud (DeCS) y Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) en las estrategias de búsqueda utilizadas en cada base de datos. El análisis de los resultados se dio de forma descriptiva. Conclusión: Las tecnologías digitales favorecieron la seguridad del paciente hospitalizado, que resultó en la comunicación adecuada, gestión de riesgos, reducción de costos y tiempo de servicio, práctica de medicación segura y registro de eventos adversos(AU)

Introdução: A segurança do paciente objetiva a redução do risco de danos desnecessários aos cuidados de saúde para um mínimo aceitável e, a promoção do cuidado seguro é favorecida pela incorporação das tecnologias digitais nas práticas de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar as contribuições das tecnologias digitais e as metas para a promoção da segurança do paciente no contexto hospitalar. Métodos: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases CINAHL, Web of Science, MEDLINE, LILACS e IBECS, com adoção da estratégia PICo e classificação do nível de evidencia. A amostra incluiu 13 estudos primários, sem delimitação temporal, selecionados em português, inglês e espanhol, que atendiam ao objetivo, aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão e o gerenciamento dos resultados foi realizado no software Endnote Web. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre outubro e dezembro de 2019. Foram utilizados os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e os Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) nas estratégias de busca empregadas em cada base de dados. A análise dos resultados ocorreu de forma descritiva. Conclusão: As tecnologias digitais favoreceram a segurança do paciente hospitalizado, resultando na comunicação adequada, gerenciamento de riscos, redução de custos e tempo de atendimento, prática de medicação segura e registro de eventos adversos(AU)

Introduction: Patient safety contributes to reducing the risk of unnecessary harm in healthcare at a minimally acceptable level. The promotion of safe care is favored by the promotion of digital technologies in healthcare practices. Objective: To analyze the contributions of digital technologies and the goals for the promotion of patient safety in the hospital setting. Methods: Integrative review carried out in the CINAHL, Web of Science, MEDLINE, LILACS and IBECS databases, with the use of the PICO strategy and classification of the level of evidence. The sample includes thirteen primary studies selected without temporal delimitation and written in Portuguese, English and Spanish, related with the set objective and meeting with the inclusion criteria. The outcomes were processed in the EndNote Web software. Data collection took place between October and December 2019. The Health Science Descriptors (DeCS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were part of the search strategies used in each database. The outcomes were analyzed descriptively. Conclusion: Digital technologies favored the safety of hospitalized patients, which resulted in adequate communication, risk management, cost and service time reduction, safe medication practice, as well as in adverse event recording(AU)

Impactos da COVID-19 nos pacientes oncológicos: uma revisão sistemática / Impacts of COVID-19 on cancer patients: a systematic review

Introdução: Com a pandemia de coronavírus os pacientes oncológicos, que estão em tratamentos, nos quais a maioria são imunossupressores, se tornaram um grupo muito suscetível a formas graves da infecção. Logo, como forma de proteção e prevenção, a realização de exames de rastreio no ambiente hospitalar foi restringida, atrasando diversos diagnósticos e comprometendo a eficácia de tratamentos. Objetivos: Analisar a produção científica acerca do tema câncer e COVID-19, a fim de contribuir com informações sobre o assunto. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e PubMed. Os descritores utilizados foram "câncer" AND "COVID-19" de acordo com o Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e seus equivalentes para a língua portuguesa, conforme os descritores de Ciências da Saúde (DeCS). Foram incluídos artigos originais em inglês e português, sem delimitação temporal. Resultados: Foram encontrados 1.606 artigos e, após utilizar os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, nove foram incluídos para análise na revisão. Dentre os temas centrais abordados pelos estudos selecionados estão o impacto da pandemia em algumas áreas de acompanhamento do paciente oncológico, como: tratamento, telemedicina, diminuição de funcionários no atendimento ao paciente com câncer, diminuição dos ensaios clínicos, redução dos recursos financeiros e apoio psicológico a essa população. Conclusão: A pandemia afetou diretamente o modo de vida desse grupo, que sofreu com uma redução no atendimento médico e nos recursos dispostos a eles. Portanto, nota-se a necessidade de prestar um cuidado mais específico a esses pacientes em situação tão delicada durante a pandemia.

Introduction: During the coronavirus pandemic, oncological patients, who are undergoing treatments in which the majority are immunosuppressant, have become a group very susceptible to severe forms of the infection. Therefore, as a form of protection, their going to hospital environments were restricted, delaying diagnosis and compromising the effectiveness of treatments. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the scientific about the production of the theme cancer and COVID-19 in order to contribute with informations on the subject. Methods: Systematic review of literature using the SciELO, LILACS and PubMed. The following keywords were used: "cancer" AND "COVID-19" according to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and their translation to the Portuguese. Studies in English and Portuguese from inception were included. Results: 1,606 studies were screened and 9 were included in the systematic review after using the inclusion and exclusion criterias. Among the central themes addressed by the selected studies are the pandemic impacts in areas of monitoring oncological patients, such as: treatment, telemedicine, reduction of employees in the care of cancer patients, reduction of clinical trials, reduction of financial resources, and psychological support to that population. Conclusion: The pandemic directly affected the way of life of this group, which suffered from a reduction in medical care and the resources available to them. Therefore, there is a need to provide more specific care to these patients in such a delicate situation during the pandemic.

Sintomas de depressão, risco nutricional e capacidade funcional em idosos longevos / Depression symptoms, nutritional risk and functional capacity in longlived ederly / Sintomas de depression, riesgo nutritional y capacidad funcional en personas mayores a largo plazo

Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre sintomas de depressão, risco nutricional e capacidade funcional com características sociais, econômicas, demográficas e de saúde, em idosos longevos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, realizada em quatro municípios do estado de São Paulo. A relação entre as variáveis foi obtida por meio da técnica de Análise de Correspondência Múltipla. Foram avaliados 103 idosos, a maioria do sexo feminino, com idade entre 80 e 90 anos e com até quatro anos de estudo. Os resultados evidenciam a correspondência entre a presença de sintomas de depressão, risco nutricional, comprometimento funcional, baixa escolaridade e inadequada autoavaliação de saúde. Nota-se, portanto, a necessidade de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, e o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas direcionadas aos muito idosos, oferecendo atenção necessária para a redução do risco de depressão, de desnutrição e na melhoria da funcionalidade dos idosos longevos, que levem a um impacto positivo em sua qualidade de vida (AU).

This is study aimed to evaluate the relationship between depression symptoms, nutritional risk, and functional capacity, with social, economic, demographic and health characteristics in in long-lived elderly. It is a cross-sectional survey carried out in four municipalities in the state of São Paulo. The relationships among the studied variables were investigated through the technique of Multiple Correspondence Analysis. A total of 103 elderly were evaluated, most of whom were female, aged between 80 and 90 years and up to four years of schooling. The results evidence the correspondence between depression symptoms, nutritional risk, functional impairment, low schooling, and inadequate health self-assessment. Therefore, there is need a broad and interdisciplinary approach and the development of public policies directed at the very elderly are necessary, to reduce the risk of depression, malnutrition and improve the functioning of the long-lived elderly, that have a positive impact on their quality of life (AU).

Objetivo evaluar la relación entre síntomas de depresión, riesgo nutricional y capacidad funcional, con recursos sociales, económicos, demográficos y de salud, en ancianos de larga vida. Esta es un estudio transversal realizada en cuatro municipios del estado de São Paulo. Las relaciones entre las variables se investigaron utilizando la técnica de Análisis de Correspondencia Múltiple. 103 personas mayores fueron grabadas, la mayoría mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 80 y 90 años y hasta cuatro años de estudio. Los resultados muestran una correspondencia entre la presencia de síntomas de depresión, riesgo nutricional, deterioro funcional, baja educación y salud inadecuada. Nota la necesidad de un enfoque interdisciplinario y el desarrollo de políticas públicas dirigidas a las personas mayores, ayuda a prestar atención para reducir los riesgos de depresión, desnutrición y mejorar la funcionalidad de las personas mayores de edad, lo que tiene un impacto positivo en su calidad de vida (AU).

¿Qué es la Medicina del Estilo de Vida y por qué la necesitamos? / What is Lifestyle Medicine and why do we need it?

Medicina del Estilo de Vida (MEV), se define como la práctica basada en la evidencia, de asistir a individuos y familias en la adopción y mantención de conductas que mejoran la salud y calidad de vida, tales como alimentación saludable, realización de actividad física periódica, sueño reparador, manejo del estrés, cese del uso de sustancias tóxicas y una sólida red de apoyo social. Esta disciplina de la medicina, ha demostrado ser efectiva en la prevención, manejo y a veces reversión de las patologías que conllevan la mayor morbimortalidad global, tales como hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad coronaria y obesidad. Es más, se estima que el 80% de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles podrían prevenirse llevando un estilo de vida más saludable. Ciertas barreras estructurales han hecho que la incorporación de la MEV en las mallas curriculares universitarias y establecimientos de salud sea más lenta de lo esperado, sin embargo, cada vez son más las instituciones académicas y prestadoras de salud que adoptan los principios de la MEV, y la aparición de sociedades médicas relacionadas a esta disciplina en casi todos los continentes, están acelerando el paso hacia una medicina más focalizada en tratar las causas de la enfermedad, en lugar de centrarse en lo sintomático

Lifestyle Medicine (LM) is the evidence based practice of assisting individuals and families to adopt and sustain behaviors that can improve health and quality of life. These include healthy diet, participating in regular physical activity, having good quality sleep, managing stress, avoiding risky substance abuse and building strong social connections. LM has demonstrated its effectiveness at preventing, managing and sometimes reversing the diseases that globally carry the biggest morbidity and mortality burden, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and obesity. More so, it is estimated that 80% of non-communicable chronic diseases could be avoided by living a healthier lifestyle. Certain structural barriers have made LM's incorporation into the medical curriculum and clinical practice slower than expected, however, more and more academic institutions and healthcare providers are adopting LM's principles. The appearance of medical associations related to this discipline in almost every continent is accelerating the pace towards a medicine that is more centered on the root-causes of disease, rather than focusing on symptoms

Osteoporosis de la posmenopausia: ante el desafío de elegir la estrategia terapéutica / Postmenopausal osteoporosis: facing the challenge of choosing a therapeutic strategy

La osteoporosis de la posmenopausia es una enfermedad crónica y progresiva asociada con un bajo pico de masa ósea o una rápida y persistente pérdida de masa ósea como con-secuencia del déficit de estrógenos endógenos y del envejecimiento. A pesar de que en la actualidad la oferta de medicamentos para su tratamiento en distintas etapas de la vida es muy importante, sigue siendo una enfermedad subdiagnosticada y subtratada a nivel global. La edad, las comorbilidades existentes, los tratamientos concomitantes, el riesgo de caídas, y los antecedentes familiares o personales de fracturas recientes o pasadas tanto como la densidad mineral ósea son factores que deben ser considerados en la evaluación de cada paciente para determinar el grado de riesgo de fractura En aquellos considerados con alto riesgo o riesgo inminente de fractura se recomienda iniciar un tratamiento con algún agente anabólico seguido por un anticatabólico para lograr una rápida reducción del riesgo de fractura. Por último, una adecuada adherencia en el tiempo al tratamiento es clave para alcanzar la mayor eficacia terapéutica dirigida a la reducción de la ocurrencia de fracturas por fragilidad ósea. (AU)

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a chronic and progressive disease associated with low peak bone mass or a fast and persistent loss of bone mass as a consequence of endogenous estrogen deficiency and aging, and it is an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease worldwide. At present, there is a wide range of drugs available for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, with appropriate treatments for each phase of this stage of a woman's life. All factors that may increase the risk of bone fragility fracture should be considered at the time of patient assessment. These include age, existing comorbidities, concomitant treatments, risk of falling, family history of fractures or recent or past personal history of fractures, and the results of bone mineral density assessment. In those patients at high risk or imminent risk of fracture, it is recommended to start treatment with an anabolic agent followed by an anticatabolic agent, in order to achieve an immediate reduction of fracture risk. Finally, an adequate adherence to treatment over time will allow achieving the greatest effectiveness of the proposed therapy, which is the reduction of bone fragility fracture events. (AU)

Evaluation of caries risk reduction following preventive programs in orthodontic patients, using Cariogram computer model: A quasi-experimental trial

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of preventive strategies on caries risk reduction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, using the Cariogram program. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, samples were selected using a convenience quota sampling technique, in a public dental school. At first, caries risk profile was determined for each subject using the Cariogram before brackets bonding. The sample size consisted of 36 patients. The intervention group (n = 18) received preventive programs, and the control group (n = 18) was trained based on the routine oral health education by means of pamphlets. Then, Cariogram parameters were calculated for patients in both groups after six months. Results: The age range of participants was from 12 to 29 years. The mean percentage of the "Actual chance of avoiding new cavities" section in the intervention group increased from 45.72 ± 21.64 to 62.50 ± 17.64. However, the mean percentage of other parameters - such as "Diet", "Bacteria" and "Susceptibility" - decreased after six months (p< 0.001). Besides, the differences in the mean percentage between intervention and control group at the end of the study period (T1) related to the Cariogram parameters were statistically significant (p< 0.001). Accordingly, the mean percentage of 'Actual chance of avoiding new cavities'' parameter in the intervention group (62.50) was statistically higher than in the control group (42.44) (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Implementing different preventive approaches is able to reduce the caries risk in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, which can be clearly demonstrated using Cariogram program.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo usou o software Cariogram para avaliar a eficácia de estratégias preventivas para redução do risco de cáries em pacientes sob tratamento ortodôntico. Métodos: Nesse estudo quase-experimental, as amostras foram selecionadas por meio de uma técnica de amostragem por cota de conveniência, em uma faculdade pública de Odontologia. Inicialmente, o perfil de risco de cárie foi determinado para cada indivíduo usando o Cariogram antes da colagem dos braquetes. A amostra consistiu de 36 pacientes: o grupo experimental (n = 18) recebeu programas preventivos, e o grupo controle (n = 18) recebeu orientações sobre a saúde bucal por meio de folhetos. Após seis meses, os parâmetros obtidos por meio do Cariogram foram calculados novamente para os pacientes de ambos os grupos. Resultados: A faixa etária dos participantes foi de 12 a 29 anos. A porcentagem média da seção "Probabilidade real de prevenir novas cáries" no grupo experimental aumentou de 45,72 ± 21,64 para 62,50 ± 17,64. Por outro lado, a porcentagem média de outros parâmetros - como "Dieta", "Bactérias" e "Suscetibilidade" - diminuiu após seis meses (p< 0,001). Além disso, as diferenças nas porcentagens médias entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle ao fim do estudo (T1), relacionadas aos parâmetros do Cariogram, foram estatisticamente significativas (p< 0,001). Assim, a porcentagem média do parâmetro "Probabilidade real de prevenir novas cáries" no grupo experimental (62,50) foi estatisticamente maior do que no grupo controle (42,44) (p< 0,001). Conclusão: A implementação de diferentes abordagens preventivas pode reduzir o risco de cárie em pacientes sob tratamento ortodôntico com aparelhos fixos, o que pode ser observado claramente por meio do software Cariogram.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Health Preparedness Capacity Building Intervention in Empowering the Urban Poor Community in Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines

@#<jats:p>This study deals with the public health effects of a natural disaster and some public health principles that can be applied to disaster risk reduction and management, focusing on earthquake preparedness for Barangay San Jose - Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines. The study showed that the urban poor community has a weak history of engagement, and it explores whether facilitated community interventions can empower and develop community preparedness. It followed a participatory approach involving community leaders and members. The study indicated that enhancing and modifying interventions that match community needs will develop community preparedness in the community, potentially increasing the chances of surviving an earthquake and minimizing its deleterious and damaging impact. Community preparedness will require continuous involvement and a cooperative approach to working with communities to support equal and harmonized development.</jats:p>

The willingness for dietary and behavioral changes in frontline epidemic prevention workers after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND@#The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a massive impact on public health, resulting in sudden dietary and behavioral habit changes. Frontline epidemic prevention workers play a pivotal role against COVID-19. They must face high-risk infection conditions, insufficient anti-epidemic material supplies, mental pressure, and so on. COVID-19 seriously affects their dietary and behavioral habits, and poor habits make them more susceptible to COVID-19. However, their baseline dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19 and their willingness to change these habits after the outbreak of COVID-19 remain unclear for these workers in China. This study aimed to explore the baseline dietary and behavioral habits of frontline workers and their willingness to change these habits after the outbreak of the epidemic; in addition, susceptible subgroups were identified by stratified analyses as targets of protective measures to keep them from being infected with COVID-19.@*METHODS@#A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire using a sample of 22,459 valid individuals living in China, including 9402 frontline epidemic prevention workers.@*RESULTS@#Before COVID-19, 23.9% of the frontline epidemic prevention workers reported a high-salt diet, 46.9% of them reported a high frequency of fried foods intake, and 50.9% of them smoked cigarettes. After the outbreak of COVID-19, 34.6% of them expressed a willingness to reduce salt intake, and 43.7% of them wanted to reduce the frequency of pickled vegetables intake. A total of 37.9% of them expressed a willingness to decrease or quit smoking, and 44.5% of them wanted to increase sleep duration. Significant differences in the baseline dietary and behavioral habits and the willingness to change their habits were observed between frontline epidemic prevention workers and other participants. Among the frontline epidemic prevention workers with poor dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19, frontline epidemic prevention experience was a promoting factor for adopting worse dietary and behavioral habits, including those in the high-salt intake subgroup (OR, 2.824; 95% CI, 2.341-3.405) and the 11-20 cigarettes/day subgroup (OR, 2.067; 95% CI, 1.359-3.143).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The dietary and behavioral habits of frontline epidemic prevention workers were worse than that those of other participants before COVID-19. They had a greater willingness to adopt healthy dietary and behavioral habits after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19. However, frontline epidemic prevention workers with poor dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19 continued in engage in these poor habits. Dietary and behavioral intervention policies should be drafted to protect their health, especially frontline epidemic prevention workers with poor habits at baseline.

Salpingectomía oportunista: patrones de práctica en un grupo de ginecólogos colombianos / Opportunistic Salpingectomy: patterns of practice in a group of colombian gynecologists

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El cáncer de ovario es la neoplasia de origen ginecológico más letal y el 90% de los casos son de origen epitelial. Se ha postulado el origen del cáncer epitelial de ovario (CEO) en las fimbrias de las trompas de Falopio, por lo cual, se ha sugerido la realización de la salpingectomía oportunista como método de prevención primaria. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la frecuencia con que los ginecólogos adscritos a la Federación Colombiana de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FECOLSOG) incluyeron salpingectomías oportunistas en su práctica clínica durante los años 2017-2018. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta a los ginecólogos adscritos a la FECOLSOG. Las variables analizadas incluyeron características demográficas, práctica profesional, método de prevención primaria de cáncer de ovario en pacientes de bajo riesgo y la realización o no de la salpingectomía oportunista y sus respectivas razones. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con frecuencias absolutas y relativas, mientras que las cuantitativas con medidas de tendencia central y desviaciones estándar con el software STATA 13. RESULTADOS: De 1765 ginecólogos contactados, 353 contestaron la encuesta (tasa de respuesta del 20%). El 62.5% de estos realizan salpingectomía oportunista en su práctica ginecológica y de estos, el 75.2% lo hizo para prevenir cáncer de ovario. Entre las razones manifestadas por los especialistas para no realizar salpingectomía oportunista, el 12.5% no la consideraba un factor de protección frente al cáncer de ovario y un 14.4% consideraba que incrementaba el riesgo de falla ovárica temprana y morbilidad asociada. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque existen controversias en su realización, la salpingectomía oportunista muestra ser una conducta adoptada por ginecólogos adscritos a FECOLSOG. Se requieren investigaciones futuras para determinar la efectividad de la salpingectomía e implementar estrategias de prevención del cáncer epitelial de ovario.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and 90% of cases are of epithelial origin. Recently, different investigations attribute their origin to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes, reason why it has been suggested to perform elective salpingectomy for the prevention of high-grade adenocarcinoma, its most frequent histological variant. This research aims to determine the frequency with which gynecologists from the Colombian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FECOLSOG) included this procedure in their clinical practice during the years 2017-2018. METHODS: A survey was sent electronically to the gynecologists assigned to FECOLSOG on three different occasions with an interval of 15 days between them. The variables analyzed included demographic characteristics, professional practice, primary prevention method of Ovarian Cancer in low-risk patients and the performance or not of elective salpingectomy with their respective reasons. Qualitative variables were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies, while quantitative variables with measures of central tendency and standard deviations with STATA 13 software. RESULTS: From 1765 gynecologists contacted at least once via email, 353 answered the survey, indicating a response rate of 20%. 62.5% perform elective salpingectomy in their gynecological practice and of these, 75.2% do so to prevent ovarian cancer. Among the reasons for not practicing salpingectomy, 12.5% ​​do not consider it a protective factor for ovarian cancer, and 14.4% believe that it increases the risk of early ovarian failure and morbidity. CONCLUSION: Elective salpingectomy is a promising procedure as a preventive measure against epithelial ovarian cancer. Although there are controversies regarding its performance, salpingectomy seems to be a common practice amongst gynecologists from FECOLSOG, and seems to have higher recurrence within this field. Future research is required to determine the effectiveness of salpingectomy and thus, implement the best strategies for ovarian cancer prevention.

Challenges and opportunities in the science of research to practice: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial of a sexual risk-reduction intervention for psychiatric patients in a public mental health system

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efficacy trials with psychiatric patients have been conducted in research settings in high-resourced countries, establishing short-term efficacy for reducing sexual risk behavior. None has been implemented within systems of care. In the last decade, overcoming this research-to-practice gap has become a focus of implementation science. This paper describes the first and only HIV Prevention intervention trial for psychiatric patients conducted in real-world outpatient psychiatric settings facilitated by trained clinic-based providers. Methods: The HIV Prevention intervention, which uses the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model to achieve sexual risk-reduction, was rigorously adapted to the local context and clinic services' needs. Participants from eight clinics were randomized to HIV Prevention or Health Promotion conditions. Results: HIV Prevention participants showed significant improvement in Information-Motivation-Behavioral domains; in this group, behavioral intentions were associated with significantly fewer unprotected sex occasions, but reduction of unprotected sex occasions was similar in both conditions. Conclusion: Our trial was conducted before implementation studies became widely funded. Transporting an intervention to a new culture or into real-world practice settings may require adaptations. Our results demonstrate that clear guidelines are needed regarding whether to conduct efficacy, effectiveness, and/or implementation research as the most appropriate next step. Clinical trial registration: NCT00881699

Intervention Protocol of the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of a High-Complexity University Hospital to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic / Protocolo de intervenção do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia de um hospital universitário de alta complexidade para enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract Objective To describe the protocols implemented to adapt the orthopedic team to the COVID-19 pandemic; a secondary objective is to assess the behavior of hospital and departmental variables when implementing such measures. Methods The present is a retrospective study describing three protocols: 1) reduction in the risk of infection for patients and healthcare workers; 2) adaptation of work, academic and scientific activities; and 3) adaptation of the orthopedic treatment during the pandemic. We analyzed hospital and departmental variables, including the number of patients seen in the emergency room and outpatient clinic, the number of hospitalized patients, suspected and confirmed cases in patients and orthopedic team members, changes in teaching activities from on-site attendance to videoconferencing, and number of surgeries. Period A, from March 3 to 16, was compared with period B, from March 17 to 30, 2020, which corresponded to the implementation of the protocols. Results There was a decrease in the number of outpatients and inpatients. One confirmed and two suspected cases were notified. Among the departmental members, there were 12 suspected and 6 confirmed cases. The weekly frequency of classes was maintained, while the clinical-scientific meetings decreased from ten to three. In addition, the number of surgeries was reduced. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the rapid implementation of intervention protocols in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The protocols focused on reducing the risk of infection for patients and healthcare professionals, adapting work, academic and scientific activities, and modifying the orthopedic treatment. With the application of the protocols, the healthcare, academic and scientific activities remained functional, prioritizing measures to confront the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os protocolos implementados para adequar a equipe ortopédica à pandemia de COVID-19 e, secundariamente, avaliar o comportamento de variáveis hospitalares e departamentais frente à implementação das medidas. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com descrição de três protocolos: 1) Redução do risco de contágio dos pacientes e profissionais de saúde; 2) Adaptação das atividades laborais, acadêmicas e científicas; e 3) Adaptação do tratamento ortopédico frente à pandemia. Foram analisadas variáveis hospitalares e departamentais como: número de pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro e ambulatórios, pacientes internados, casos suspeitos e confirmados nos pacientes e na equipe ortopédica, mudança das atividades de ensino do modo presencial para videoconferência, e número cirurgias. Foi comparado o período A, de 03 a 16 de março, com o período B, de 17 a 30 de março, que corresponde à implementação dos protocolos. Resultados Houve diminuição do número de pacientes atendidos e do número de pacientes internados. Foram notificados dois suspeitos e um confirmado. Dos integrantes do departamento, 12 foram suspeitos e 6 confirmados. Manteve-se a frequência semanal das aulas e as reuniões clinico-científicas diminuíram de dezpara três. Houve redução no volume de cirurgias. Conclusões O presente estudo demonstrou a viabilidade e a eficiência da rápida implementação de protocolos de intervenção em meio ao cenário de pandemia por COVID-19. Os protocolos focaram na redução do risco de contágio dos pacientes e profissionais de saúde, na adaptação das atividades laborais, acadêmicas e científicas, e na adaptação do tratamento ortopédico. Com sua aplicação, mantiveram-se as atividades assistencial, acadêmica e científica funcionantes, priorizando-se medidas de enfrentamento à COVID-19.

Hipertensão arterial: Adesão ao tratamento / Arterial Hypertension: Treatment Adherence

A hipertensão arterial, patologia que atinge 32,5% dos brasileiros adultos e mais que 60% da população de idosos, tem contribuição direta ou indiretamente em 50% das mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. Na atualidade existe a disponibilidade de vários medicamentos anti-hipertensivos que são bem tolerados, apresentando comprovado nível de potência e motivo de estudos e meta-análises que mostram importante ação na redução do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Não obstante esses conhecimentos apenas 59% recebem tratamento regular e só aproximadamente 31% a 34% desses se encontram com a pressão arterial nas metas de controle recomendadas nas diretrizes. A falta de controle pressórico na maioria dos casos está correlacionada a uma reduzida adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e menor ainda ao não farmacológico. A adesão ao tratamento definida como o grau de cumprimento das medidas terapêuticas indicadas para manter o controle da pressão arterial, deve sempre contemplar a vontade participativa do cada indivíduo. Os fatores implicados na adesão ao tratamento apresentam inúmeras variáveis associadas à característica da doença, relação médico-paciente, esquemas terapêuticos complexos, efeitos indesejáveis dos medicamentos e aspectos socioeconômicos, assim, diversas estratégias podem resultar em aumento da adesão ao tratamento. Além das medidas tradicionais, podem elevar a adesão uma postura mais humana e atenciosa por parte do médico, a identificação das características da população assistida, a individualização das recomendações a cada paciente e, se possível, adotar um acompanhamento com uma equipe multidisciplinar (AU)

Arterial hypertension, a condition that affects 32.5% of adult Brazilians and more than 60% of the elderly population, directly or indirectly contributing to 50% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Currently, there are several anti-hypertensive drugs available that are well tolerated, with a proven level of potency and reason for studies and meta-analyzes that show an important action in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Despite this knowledge, only 59% receive regular treatment and only approximately 31% to 34% of them have blood pressure in the control goals recommended in the guidelines. The lack of pressure control in most cases is correlated with reduced adherence to pharmacological treatment and even less to non-pharmacological treatment. Adherence to treatment, defined as the degree of compliance with the therapeutic measures indicated to maintain blood pressure control, must always contemplate the participatory will of each individual. The factors involved in adherence to treatment have numerous variables associated with the characteristic of the disease, doctor-patient relationship, complex therapeutic regimens, undesirable effects of medications and socioeconomic aspects, thus, several strategies can result to increase adherence to treatment. In addition to traditional measures, a more humane and caring attitude from the doctor can increase adherence, identification of the characteristics of the assisted population, individualization of recommendations to each patient and, if possible, adopting a follow-up with a multidisciplinary team can increase compliance. (AU)

Impact of Anticoagulation Intensity in Korean Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Is It Different from Western Population?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although anticoagulation with warfarin is recommended as an international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time between 2.0 and 3.0 and mean time in the therapeutic range (TTR) ≥70%, little has been proven that universal criteria might be suitable in Korean atrial fibrillation (AF) patients.METHODS: We analyzed 710 patients with non-valvular AF who took warfarin. INR value and clinical outcomes were assessed during 2-year follow-up. Intensity of anticoagulation was assessed as mean INR value and TTR according to target INR range. Primary net-clinical outcome was defined as the composite of new-onset stroke and major bleeding. Secondary net-clinical outcome was defined as the composite of new-onset stroke, major bleeding and death.RESULTS: Thromboembolism was significantly decreased when mean INR was over 1.6. Major bleeding was significantly decreased when TTR was over 70% and mean INR was less than 2.6. Mean INR 1.6–2.6 significantly reduced thromboembolism (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19–0.85), major bleeding (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23–0.81), primary (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29–0.84) and secondary (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28–0.74) net-clinical outcomes, whereas mean INR 2.0–3.0 did not. Simultaneous satisfaction of mean INR 1.6–2.6 and TTR ≥70% was associated with significant risk reduction of major bleeding, primary and secondary net-clinical outcomes.CONCLUSIONS: Mean INR 1.6–2.6 was better than mean INR 2.0–3.0 for the prevention of thromboembolism and major bleeding. However, INR 1.6–2.6 and TTR ≥70% had similar clinical outcomes to INR 2.0–3.0 and TTR ≥70% in Korean patients with non-valvular AF.

Associations of Dietary Intake with Cardiovascular Disease, Blood Pressure, and Lipid Profile in the Korean Population: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have separately reported the contributions of dietary factors to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its markers, including blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. This study systematically reviewed the current evidence on this issue in the Korean population.METHODS: Sixty-two studies from PubMed and Embase were included in this meta-analysis. We performed a random-effects model to analyze pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the consumption of 14 food items, three macro- and eight micro-nutrients, two dietary patterns, and three dietary indices.RESULTS: An analysis of pooled effect sizes from at least four individual study populations showed significant associations between coffee consumption and CVD (OR/HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52–0.97) and elevated/high triglycerides (TG) (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78–0.90), sugar-sweetened beverage intake and elevated BP (OR/HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09–1.33), and milk and dairy intake and elevated/high TG and elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR/HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76–0.89 for both). Carbohydrate consumption and the low-carbohydrate-diet score were consistently related to an approximately 25% risk reduction for elevated TG and HDL-C. A lower risk of elevated total cholesterol, but not low-density lipoprotein, was additionally observed for those with a higher low-carbohydrate-diet score. A healthy dietary pattern was only associated with a reduced risk of elevated TG in the Korea National Cancer Screenee Cohort (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.98).CONCLUSION: This study showed that milk and dairy and coffee had protective effects for CVD and its risk factors, such as BP and lipid profile, while sugar-sweetened beverages exerted harmful effects.

Riesgo preconcepcional genético como herramienta de prevención en la Atención Materno Infantil / Preconception genetic risk as a prevention tool in mother and child care

Introducción: El primer programa de prevención para las enfermedades genéticas y defectos congénitos en Cuba se logra cuando el programa de Atención Materno Infantil alcanza el máximo de condiciones en 1981. Objetivo: Incrementar los conocimientos sobre el riesgo preconcepcional genético en el personal de enfermería Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de tipo intervención educativa en enfermería en el Policlínico Universitario José Martí Pérez sobre la identificación de los factores de riesgo preconcepcional genético, en Santiago de Cuba, en el segundo semestre del 2017. El universo estuvo constituido por la plantilla física de la institución (150 enfermeras), seleccionando una muestra por conveniencia de 34 enfermeras en el Grupo Básico de Trabajo # I (GBT); se procedió a la aplicación del instrumento de evaluación para identificar las necesidades de aprendizaje sobre los riesgos genéticos, diseñando y aplicando un Programa de Capacitación, evaluando antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Predominaron las enfermeras generales de más de 50 años con conocimientos inadecuados, antes de la intervención, sobre los elementos que influyen, el momento en que acontece el riesgo preconcepcional genético, así como, los conocimientos sobre el riesgo prenatal, en el recién nacido y en las enfermedades comunes. Conclusiones: Luego de aplicada la estrategia de intervención se lograron elevar los conocimientos sobre el riesgo preconcepcional genético en algunos miembros de la muestra, que incorporaron lo aprendido a las diferentes actividades y procesos asistenciales en la comunidad(AU)

Introduction: The first Cuban program for prevention of genetic diseases and defects was started when the mother and child care program achieved an optimal status in the year 1981. Objective: Broaden knowledge about preconception genetic risk among the nursing personnel. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted based on an educational intervention in nursing at José Martí Pérez University Polyclinic. The study aimed to identify preconception genetic risks in Santiago de Cuba during the second semester of 2017. The study universe was the physical payroll of the institution (150 nurses), of whom 34 from Basic Work Team (BWT) No. 1 were selected by convenience sampling. The evaluation tool was applied to identify learning gaps related to genetic risks. Next, a training program was designed and applied. Participants in the study were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results: A predominance was found of general nurses of over 50 years' experience with poor pre-intervention knowledge about the factors involved in preconception genetic risks and the moment when such risks occur, or about prenatal and newborn risks and common diseases. Conclusions: Upon application of the intervention strategy, knowledge about preconception genetic risk was broadened among some members of the sample, who incorporated the newly-acquired information into the various community care activities and processes(AU)

Plan del Ministerio de Salud que implementa la estrategia multisectorial de Barrio Seguro en el sector salud / Plan of the Ministry of Health that implements the multisectoral strategy of Barrio Seguro in the health sector

El documento contiene un conjunto de previsiones y acciones que el estado adopta permanentemente para garantizar la estabilidad y el normal funcionamiento de la institucionalidad político jurídica.

Enfrentamento vivenciado pela equipe de enfermagem e a assistência ao paciente hospitalizado vítima de queimaduras / Coping experienced by the nursing staff and assistance to hospitalized patients victims of burns / Coping experimentado por el equipo de enfermería y asistencia a pacientes hospitalizados víctimas de quemaduras

Objetivo: Identificar as dificuldades da equipe de enfermagem na prevenção de complicações em pacientes vítimas de queimaduras. Método: A análise foi realizada por meio de pesquisa de literatura on-line em periódicos nacionais relacionados com o tema. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, na qual a coleta de dados ocorreu no período de maio de 2019 a dezembro de 2019. As bases de dados utilizadas foram: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Scientific Eletronic Library Online, por meio de busca na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Revista Brasileira de Queimaduras. Foi estabelecido o recorte do tempo para inclusão de publicações de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: Por meio da seleção dos artigos é notável perceber que as complicações em pacientes acometidos por essas lesões estão cada vez mais presentes, e as infecções são apontadas como uma das principais complicações em indivíduos acometidos por queimaduras, principalmente no período de hospitalização. Conclusão: Conclui-se que todos os cuidados estabelecidos pela equipe da unidade têm por finalidade diminuir os riscos de complicações e sequelas, auxiliando na melhora do queimado. Sendo assim, deve-se compreender a necessidade de uma assistência adequada e contínua, para, com isso, poder contribuir efetivamente no processo de reabilitação do doente.

Objective: To identify the difficulties of the nursing team in the prevention of complications in patients who are burn victims. Methods: The analysis was performed through an online literature research in national journals related to the theme. This is an integrative review of the literature, in which data collection occurred from May 2019 to December 2019. The databases used were: Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, Scientific Electronic Library Online, through a search of the Virtual Library on Health and The Brazilian Journal of Burns. The cutout of the time for inclusion of publications from 2015 to 2019 was established. Results: Through the selection of articles it is remarkable to realize that complications in patients affected by these lesions are increasingly present, infections are identified as one of the main complications in individuals affected by burns, especially during the hospitalization period. Conclusion: It is concluded that all care established by the unit team aims to reduce the risks of complications and sequelae, assisting in the improvement of the burned. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the need for adequate and continuous care, in order to be able to contribute effectively to the patient's rehabilitation process.

Objetivo: Identificar las dificultades del equipo de enfermería en la prevención de complicaciones en pacientes víctimas de quemaduras. Metodo: El análisis se realizó a través de una investigación de literatura en línea en revistas nacionales relacionadas con el tema. Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, en la que la recopilación de datos se produjo de mayo de 2019 a diciembre de 2019. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron: Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe sobre Ciencias de la Salud, Biblioteca Electrónica Científica Online, a través de una búsqueda de la Biblioteca Virtual sobre Salud y Revista Brasileña de Quemaduras. Se estableció el recorte del plazo para la inclusión de publicaciones de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: A través de la selección de artículos es notable darse cuenta de que las complicaciones en los pacientes afectados por estas lesiones están cada vez más presentes, las infecciones se identifican como una de las principales complicaciones en individuos afectados por quemaduras, especialmente durante el período de hospitalización. Conclusión: Se concluye que toda la atención establecida por el equipo de la unidad tiene como objetivo reducir los riesgos de complicaciones y secuencias, ayudando en la mejora de la quemadura. Así, se nota la necesidad de una asistencia adecuada y continua, y así poder contribuir eficazmente en el proceso de rehabilitación del paciente.